Advancements in Multi-Spectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Techniques, Applications, and Future Directions

Abstract

Multi-spectral and hyperspectral remote sensing technologies have become crucial tools for a variety of environmental, agricultural, and industrial applications. These technologies capture data across numerous spectral bands, allowing for more detailed and accurate analyses of the Earth’s surface. Multi-spectral sensors typically measure data across a limited number of spectral bands, while hyperspectral sensors can collect data from hundreds of narrow, contiguous bands. This review explores the advancements in both multi-spectral and hyperspectral remote sensing, focusing on the underlying technologies, applications, and future trends. Special attention is given to their use in environmental monitoring, agriculture, land use classification, and natural resource management. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions, including data processing, integration with other technologies, and the growing role of machine learning in enhancing the capabilities of remote sensing systems.