Advancements in Geographical Information Systems (GIS): Exploring Emerging Technologies, Applications, and Challenges

Abstract

Geographical Informati on Systems (GIS) have emerged as transformati ve tools in spati al data analysis, enabling effi cient decision-making across diverse sectors such as urban planning, environmental management, transportati on, agriculture, and disaster response. This review explores the evoluti on of GIS, highlighti ng key technological advancements such as cloud computi ng, real-ti me data integrati on, big data analyti cs, 3D modeling, and mobile GIS applicati ons. It also examines the broad spectrum of GIS applicati ons, from city planning and environmental conservati on to public health and logisti cs. Despite its potenti al, GIS
faces challenges related to data accuracy, integrati on, and privacy concerns. Looking forward, the future of GIS appears promising, driven by innovati ons in arti fi cial intelligence, 5G networks, and citi zen science, which will enhance real-ti me analysis, predicti ve modeling, and data accessibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of GIS technology, its practi cal uses, and the evolving trends that will shape its role in spati al decision-making.