Recent Advances in Physics for Solar Energy Storage Systems: A Literature Review

Abstract

The transition to a stable, decarbonised electric grid requires high- performance Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) capable of mitigating the intermittency of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy. This literature review analyses how recent breakthroughs in physics are fundamentally addressing the limitations of conventional storage technology. The focus is on three key areas: solid-state physics driving next-generation battery design, materials science enabling high-efficiency electrode kinetics, and thermodynamics optimising long-duration storage solutions. This article examines the advancements in solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), which eliminate volatile liquid components for improved safety and enable the use of high-capacity lithium metal anodes. It also reviews the use of nanomaterials and two-dimensional (2D) materials to physically engineer superior electrode interfaces, boosting ion transport and mitigating mechanical degradation. Furthermore, the principles of fluid dynamics are refining Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs), offering scalable, long-duration alternatives. The article argues that the future resilience of solar-dominated power systems is directly linked to these fundamental physical discoveries, transforming material properties at the atomicscale. Key challenges in achieving high ionic conductivity and stable interfacial physics are identified, providing a roadmap for future research essential for commercialising these advanced ESSs for global solar integration.