Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Blockchain in Supply Chain Innovation: A Global Review of Emerging Technologies

Abstract

Global supply chains are undergoing a profound transformation driven by rapid advancements in
digital technologies, increasing demands for transparency, and mounting pressures to enhance
sustainability and resilience. This review examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI),
automation, and blockchain technologies as key enablers of supply chain innovation. By
synthesising current literature, the article identifies technological applications, operational use
cases, and emerging best practices, while highlighting the synergies that arise when these
technologies are combined within intelligent and trusted digital ecosystems.
We propose a conceptual framework linking intelligent inputs, automated processes, and
blockchain-enabled traceability to strategic outcomes such as enhanced operational efficiency,
risk mitigation, environmental sustainability, and stakeholder trust. The review demonstrates
how AI-driven predictive analytics can improve demand forecasting, inventory optimisation, and
predictive maintenance, while blockchain provides secure, transparent, and auditable record-
keeping across multi-tier supply networks. Automation, including robotics and process
digitisation, further enables scalability and efficiency.
Despite these opportunities, several adoption barriers persist. Data quality, interoperability
challenges, high implementation costs, and governance limitations can hinder the full realisation

of technology-driven supply chains. Moreover, organisational culture, regulatory heterogeneity,
and capability gaps among small and medium-sized enterprises present additional obstacles.